Agricultural Supply Chains and the Challenge of Price Risk

Agricultural Supply Chains and the Challenge of Price Risk (Earthscan Food and Agriculture) by John Williams


English | 2014 | ISBN: 0415826985, 0415827000 | 304 pages | PDF | 1,3 MB

This book discusses the issues of integration within food and fibre supply chains and the challenges in managing price risk. The problems of integration and price risk are interwoven in agricultural supply chains with production and supply risk as well as hoarding. However, without supply chain integration through commercial trade markets there can be no forward market upon which forward transactions and the management of price risk can be based. Without a forward market that can reduce opportunistic behaviour, there is likely to be little security of supply, particularly under high production risk and price uncertainty.




Whilst price risk management is possible under certain circumstances, there are many factors that can prevent the development of forward markets or cause them to collapse, thus undermining the ability to manage price risk within acceptable risk and return parameters. Market positions therefore need to be valued and often settled daily due to the risk of contract default. In addition, the issue of currency risk and its management applies to international market positions and transactional exposures.




The book analyses a range of price risk management strategies from forward contracting through to futures and options hedging, and finally to over-the-counter products. Evaluation techniques are developed to aid decision-making. The author concludes that forward market development may be the exception rather than the norm, and that whilst favourable price risk management outcomes may be possible, they can sometimes be caused more by luck than through good management. It is shown how tactics are an important consideration in decision-making to minimize costs and losses.

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How Race Is Made: Slavery, Segregation, and the Senses [Repost]

How Race Is Made: Slavery, Segregation, and the Senses by Mark M. Smith


English | Feb. 20, 2006 | ISBN: 080783002X | 208 Pages | PDF | 1.28 MB

For at least two centuries, argues Mark Smith, white southerners used all of their senses–not just their eyes–to construct racial difference and define race. His provocative analysis, extending from the colonial period to the mid-twentieth century, shows how whites of all classes used the artificial binary of "black" and "white" to justify slavery and erect the political, legal, and social structure of segregation. Based on painstaking research, How Race Is Made is a highly original, always frank, and often disturbing book. After enslaved Africans were initially brought to America, the offspring of black and white sexual relationships (consensual and forced) complicated the purely visual sense of racial typing. As mixed-race people became more and more common and as antebellum race-based slavery and then postbellum racial segregation became central to southern society, white southerners asserted that they could rely on their other senses–touch, smell, sound, and taste–to identify who was "white" and who was not. Sensory racial stereotypes were invented and irrational, but at every turn, Smith shows, these constructions of race, immune to logic, signified difference and perpetuated inequality. Smith argues that the history of southern race relations and the construction of racial difference on which that history is built cannot be understood fully on the basis of sight alone. In order to come to terms with the South"s past and present, Smith says, we must explore the sensory dynamics underpinning the deeply emotional construction of race. How Race Is Made takes a bold step toward that understanding.

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How to Write in Arabic [Repost]

How to Write in Arabic by El Mustapha Lahlali


English | July 31, 2009 | ISBN: 0748635882 | 200 Pages | PDF | 1.96 MB

This book is designed to help learners of Arabic at all levels develop and refine their writing skills, focusing on the structure of Arabic sentences and paragraphs, and the cohesive links between them. It provides a variety of phrases and idiomatic expressions that can be used in writing and places great emphasis on writing in different genres, including literary and media texts. Learners are also introduced to the cultural aspects of writing, such as writing and responding to different types of letters.A chapter on creative writing in Arabic is featured to encourage learners to utilise their vocabulary and grammar skills, and a chapter on learners" writing errors will enable readers to reflect on the type of mistakes they may make in their writing, and how to overcome them.

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