Chemical Weapons Convention Chemicals Analysis: Sample Collection, Preparation and Analytical Methods (Repost)

Chemical Weapons Convention Chemicals Analysis: Sample Collection, Preparation and Analytical Methods by Markku Mesilaakso


English | Apr 15, 2005 | ISBN: 0470847565 | 462 Pages | PDF | 8.5 MB

Describes the procedures for collection of samples, sample preparation, and analysis of CWC-related chemicals. It deals with analytical procedures that can be followed in well-equipped off-site laboratories (designated laboratories), as well as the on-site analytical procedures that the OPCW inspectors use in sample collection and preliminary analysis of the samples in field conditions.




– A one-of-a-kind, highly topical handbook for every expert in the chemical weapons field


– Outlines the methods for analysing chemical weapons both on and off site


– Authored by international experts in the field from top laboratories in both government and academic institutions

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Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets, 2 edition

Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets, 2 edition (Space Science Series) by Stephen J. Mackwell and Amy A. Simon-Miller


English | 2014 | ISBN: 0816530599 | 712 pages | PDF | 88 MB

The early development of life, a fundamental question for humankind, requires the presence of a suitable planetary climate. Our understanding of how habitable planets come to be begins with the worlds closest to home. Venus, Earth, and Mars differ only modestly in their mass and distance from the Sun, yet their current climates could scarcely be more divergent. Only Earth has abundant liquid water, Venus has a runaway greenhouse, and evidence for life-supporting conditions on Mars points to a bygone era. In addition, an Earth-like hydrologic cycle has been revealed in a surprising place: Saturn’s cloud-covered satellite Titan has liquid hydrocarbon rain, lakes, and river networks.




Deducing the initial conditions for these diverse worlds and unraveling how and why they diverged to their current climates is a challenge at the forefront of planetary science. Through the contributions of more than sixty leading experts in the field, Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets sets forth the foundations for this emerging new science and brings the reader to the forefront of our current understanding of atmospheric formation and climate evolution. Particular emphasis is given to surface-atmosphere interactions, evolving stellar flux, mantle processes, photochemistry, and interactions with the interplanetary environment, all of which influence the climatology of terrestrial planets. From this cornerstone, both current professionals and most especially new students are brought to the threshold, enabling the next generation of new advances in our own solar system and beyond.




Contents




Part I: Foundations


Jim Hansen


Mark Bullock


Scot Rafkin


Caitlin Griffith


Shawn Domagal-Goldman and Antigona Segura


Kevin Zahnle




Part II: The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Dynamics


Curt Covey


G. Schubert and J. Mitchell


Tim Dowling


Francois Forget and Sebastien Lebonnois


Vladimir Krasnopolsky


Adam Showman




Part III: Clouds, Hazes, and Precipitation


Larry Esposito


A. Määttänen, K. Pérot, F. Montmessin, and A. Hauchecorne


Nilton Renno


Zibi Turtle


Mark Marley




Part IV: Surface-Atmosphere Interactions


Colin Goldblatt


Teresa Segura et al.


John Grotzinger


Adrian Lenardic


D. A. Brain, F. Leblanc, J. G. Luhmann, T. E. Moore, and F. Tian




Part V: Solar Influences on Planetary Climate


Aaron Zent


Jerry Harder


F. Tian, E. Chassefiere, F. Leblanc, and D. Brain


David Des Marais

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Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940 by Stephen I. Schwartz

Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940 by Stephen I. Schwartz


English | June 1, 1998 | ISBN: 0815777736, 0815777744 | 700 Pages | EPUB | 5.1 MB

Since 1945, the United States has manufactured and deployed more than 70,000 nuclear weapons to deter and if necessary fight a nuclear war. Some observers believe the absence of a third world war confirms that these weapons were a prudent and cost-effective response to the uncertainty and fear surrounding the Soviet Union's military and political ambitions during the cold war. As early as 1950, nuclear weapons were considered relatively inexpensive — providing "a bigger bang for a buck" —and were thoroughly integrated into U.S. forces on that basis. Yet this assumption was never validated. Indeed, for more than fifty years scant attention has been paid to the enormous costs of this effort —more than $ 5 trillion thus far —and its short and long-term consequences for the nation. Based on four years of extensive research, Atomic Audit is the first book to document the comprehensive costs of U.S. nuclear weapons, assembling for the first time anywhere the actual and estimated expenditures for the program since its creation in 1940. The authors provide a unique perspective on U.S. nuclear policy and nuclear weapons, tracking their development from the Manhattan Project of World War II to the present day and assessing each aspect of the program, including research, development, testing, and production; deployment; command, control, communications, and intelligence; and defensive measures. They also examine the costs of dismantling nuclear weapons, the management and disposal of large quantities of toxic and radioactive wastes left over from their production, compensation for persons harmed by nuclear weapons activities, nuclear secrecy, and the economic implications of nuclear deterrence.




Utilizing archival and newly declassified government documents and data, this richly documented book demonstrates how a variety of factors —the open-ended nature of nuclear deterrence, faulty assumptions about the cost-effectiveness of nuclear weapons, regular misrepresentation of and overreaction to the Soviet threat, the desire to maintain nuclear superiority, bureaucratic and often arbitrary decisions, pork barrel politics, and excessive secrecy —all drove the acquisition of an arsenal far larger than what many contemporary civilian and military leaders deemed necessary. These factors also contributed to lax financial oversight of the entire effort by Congress and the executive branch. Atomic Audit concludes with recommendations for strengthening atomic accountability and fostering greater public understanding of nuclear weapons programs and policies.

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